Streaming information based on available bandwidth

ABSTRACT

A method and system for streaming information associated with a server and a computing system is described. The method may include increasing a packet size used for the streaming of information from a first packet size to a second packet size based on an identified increase in available bandwidth. The method further includes increasing a number of simultaneous connections used for the streaming of information from a first number of simultaneous connections to a second number of simultaneous connections based on the identified increase in available bandwidth in response to a determination that the second packet size equals a maximum packet size for a protocol used for the streaming of the information.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent App. No.61/933,573, filed on Jan. 30, 2014, entitled “System and Method for DataStreaming Based On Available Bandwidth” by Barry Spencer, which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains materialwhich is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has noobjection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent documentor the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and TrademarkOffice patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyrightrights whatsoever.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to data processing, and morespecifically relates to enable streaming information based on availablebandwidth.

BACKGROUND

The subject matter discussed in the background section should not beassumed to be prior art merely as a result of its mention in thebackground section. Similarly, a problem mentioned in the backgroundsection or associated with the subject matter of the background sectionshould not be assumed to have been previously recognized in the priorart. The subject matter in the background section merely representsdifferent approaches, which in and of themselves may also be inventions.

The following detailed description is made with reference to thetechnology disclosed. Preferred implementations are described toillustrate the technology disclosed, not to limit its scope, which isdefined by the claims. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognizea variety of equivalent variations on the description.

Existing approach for routing information in a network may generally bedetermined based on available bandwidth. However, this approach isconstrained by the maximum packet size of the underlying protocol andmay fail to take full advantage of the available bandwidth.

BRIEF SUMMARY

For some embodiments, methods and systems for streaming informationbased on available bandwidth includes increasing a packet size used forstreaming information from a first packet size to a second packet sizebased on an identified increase in available bandwidth; and increasing anumber of simultaneous connections used for the streaming informationfrom a first number of simultaneous connections to a second number ofsimultaneous connections based on the identified increase in availablebandwidth in response to a determination that the second packet sizeequals a maximum packet size for a protocol used for the streaming ofinformation.

Other aspects and advantages of the present invention can be seen onreview of the drawings, the detailed description and the claims, whichfollow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The included drawings are for illustrative purposes and serve only toprovide examples of possible structures and process steps for thedisclosed techniques. These drawings in no way limit any changes in formand detail that may be made to embodiments by one skilled in the artwithout departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.

FIG. 1 shows a diagram of an example computing system 102 that may beused with some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 2 shows a diagram of an example network environment 200 that may beused with some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 3 shows an example of modules that may be included in a computingsystem that sends or receives media information, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 4 shows an example diagram of computing systems participating in amedia sharing or exchanging session, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 5 shows an example of session table that may be used by a mediarouting server, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 6A shows a flowchart of an example process for transmitting scaledmedia information, performed in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 6B shows a flowchart of an example process for routing mediainformation to destination computing systems, performed in accordancewith some embodiments.

FIG. 7 shows a flowchart of an example process for adjusting packet sizeand connections based on available bandwidth, performed in accordancewith some embodiments.

FIG. 8A shows a system diagram 800 illustrating architectural componentsof an applicable environment, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 8B shows a system diagram further illustrating architecturalcomponents of an applicable environment, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 9 shows a system diagram 910 illustrating the architecture of amultitenant database environment, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 10 shows a system diagram 910 further illustrating the architectureof a multitenant database environment, in accordance with someembodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Applications of systems and methods according to one or more embodimentsare described in this section. These examples are being provided solelyto add context and aid in the understanding of the present disclosure.It will thus be apparent to one skilled in the art that the techniquesdescribed herein may be practiced without some or all of these specificdetails. In other instances, well known process steps have not beendescribed in detail in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring thepresent disclosure. Other applications are possible, such that thefollowing examples should not be taken as definitive or limiting eitherin scope or setting.

In the following detailed description, references are made to theaccompanying drawings, which form a part of the description and in whichare shown, by way of illustration, specific embodiments. Although theseembodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable one skilled inthe art to practice the disclosure, it is understood that these examplesare not limiting, such that other embodiments may be used and changesmay be made without departing from the spirit and scope of thedisclosure.

As used herein, the term “multi-tenant database system” refers to thosesystems in which various elements of hardware and software of thedatabase system may be shared by one or more customers. For example, agiven application server may simultaneously process requests for a greatnumber of customers, and a given database table may store rows for apotentially much greater number of customers.

The described subject matter may be implemented in the context of anycomputer-implemented system, such as a software-based system, a databasesystem, a multi-tenant environment, or the like. Moreover, the describedsubject matter may be implemented in connection with two or moreseparate and distinct computer-implemented systems that cooperate andcommunicate with one another. One or more embodiments may be implementedin numerous ways, including as a process, an apparatus, a system, adevice, a method, a computer readable medium such as a computer readablestorage medium containing computer readable instructions or computerprogram code, or as a computer program product comprising a computerusable medium having a computer readable program code embodied therein.

Media information may generally include audio information and/or videoinformation. The media information may be shared or distributed from asource computing system to one or more destination computing systems viaa media routing server. For example, the media information may beassociated with a video conferencing application, screen sharingapplication, live audio application, etc. The sharing or exchanging ofthe media information may be based on a one-to-one, one-to-many,many-to-one, or many-to-many scheme.

Sequencing, prioritizing, error correction, and other operations orrules may be applied to the media information to enable timely deliveryand to maintain acceptable user experience. These operations may varydepending on the type of media associated with the media information.For example, when the media information includes audio information,there is an expectation that the audio information is receivedcontinuously with minimal or no hitch. However, when the mediainformation includes video information, the expectation may be less incomparison with audio information. This may be because minor hitches inthe video information may be less annoying than hitches in the audioinformation, and the impact to the overall user experience may beminimal As such, the routing of audio information may get higherpriority than the routing of video information. Although the mediainformation is used to refer to audio information and/or videoinformation, it is possible that the media information may be associatedwith other types of information (e.g., images, texts, etc.).

The routing of media information may be associated with an underlyingstreaming of information between a routing server and a computingsystem. The streaming or transmission of the information may be based onthe bandwidth of the destination computing systems, among others. It ispossible that the bandwidth of a computing system may vary while data isbeing transmitted to or received from a routing server. Embodiments ofthe present invention may periodically determine the bandwidth of acomputing system and may cause adjustments to be made to take advantageof a higher bandwidth.

The disclosed embodiments may include a method for streaming informationbased on available bandwidth. The method may include increasing a packetsize used for streaming information from a first packet size to a secondpacket size based on an identified increase in available bandwidth, andincreasing a number of simultaneous connections used for the streaminginformation from a first number of simultaneous connections to a secondnumber of simultaneous connections based on the identified increase inavailable bandwidth in response to a determination that the secondpacket size equals a maximum packet size for a protocol used for thestreaming of information.

The disclosed embodiments may include an apparatus for streaminginformation based on available bandwidth. The apparatus may include aprocessor, and one or more stored sequences of instructions which, whenexecuted by the processor, cause the processor to increase a packet sizeused for streaming information from a first packet size to a secondpacket size based on an identified increase in available bandwidth, andto increase a number of simultaneous connections used for the streaminginformation from a first number of simultaneous connections to a secondnumber of simultaneous connections based on the identified increase inavailable bandwidth in response to a determination that the secondpacket size equals a maximum packet size for a protocol used for thestreaming of information.

The disclosed embodiments may include a machine-readable medium carryingone or more sequences of instructions for streaming information based onavailable bandwidth, which instructions, when executed by one or moreprocessors, cause the one or more processors to increase a packet sizeused for streaming information from a first packet size to a secondpacket size based on an identified increase in available bandwidth, andto increase a number of simultaneous connections used for the streaminginformation from a first number of simultaneous connections to a secondnumber of simultaneous connections based on the identified increase inavailable bandwidth in response to a determination that the secondpacket size equals a maximum packet size for a protocol used for thestreaming of information.

The disclosed embodiments may be related to streaming information in acomputer-implemented system. The described subject matter may beimplemented in the context of any computer-implemented system, such as asoftware-based system, a database system, a multi-tenant environment, orthe like. Moreover, the described subject matter may be implemented inconnection with two or more separate and distinct computer-implementedsystems that cooperate and communicate with one another. One or moreimplementations may be implemented in numerous ways, including as aprocess, an apparatus, a system, a device, a method, a computer readablemedium such as a computer readable storage medium containing computerreadable instructions or computer program code, or as a computer programproduct comprising a computer usable medium having a computer readableprogram code embodied therein.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example computing system that may be used withsome embodiments of the present invention. The computing system 102 maybe a source computing system that is configured to send or transmitmedia information (e.g., audio information, video information, acombination of audio and video information) to one or more destinationcomputing systems connected to a network. For example, the mediainformation may be associated with a screen sharing application that isconfigured to share screen information associated with the computingsystem 102. The computing system 102 may also be a destination computingsystem or both for the purpose of sharing or exchanging the mediainformation.

The computing system 102 is only one example of a suitable computingsystem, such as a mobile computing system, and is not intended tosuggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of thedesign. Neither should the computing system 102 be interpreted as havingany dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination ofcomponents illustrated. The design is operational with numerous othergeneral purpose or special purpose computing systems. Examples ofwell-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations thatmay be suitable for use with the design include, but are not limited to,personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices,multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes,programmable consumer electronics, mini-computers, mainframe computers,distributed computing environments that include any of the above systemsor devices, and the like. For example, the computing system 102 may beimplemented as a mobile computing system such as one that is configuredto run with an operating system (e.g., iOS) developed by Apple Inc. ofCupertino, Calif. or an operating system (e.g., Android) that isdeveloped by Google Inc. of Mountain View, Calif.

Some embodiments of the present invention may be described in thegeneral context of computing system executable instructions, such asprogram modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, programmodules include routines, programs, objects, components, datastructures, etc. that performs particular tasks or implement particularabstract data types. Those skilled in the art can implement thedescription and/or figures herein as computer-executable instructions,which can be embodied on any form of computing machine readable mediadiscussed below.

Some embodiments of the present invention may also be practiced indistributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remoteprocessing devices that are linked through a communications network. Ina distributed computing environment, program modules may be located inboth local and remote computer storage media including memory storagedevices.

Referring to FIG. 1, the computing system 102 may include, but are notlimited to, a processing unit 120 having one or more processing cores, asystem memory 130, and a system bus 121 that couples various systemcomponents including the system memory 130 to the processing unit 120.The system bus 121 may be any of several types of bus structuresincluding a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and alocal bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way ofexample, and not limitation, such architectures include IndustryStandard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus,Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA)locale bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus also knownas Mezzanine bus.

The computing system 102 typically includes a variety of computerreadable media. Computer readable media can be any available media thatcan be accessed by computing system 102 and includes both volatile andnonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example,and not limitation, computer readable media may store information suchas computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules orother data. Computer storage media include, but are not limited to, RAM,ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digitalversatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes,magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices,or any other medium which can be used to store the desired informationand which can be accessed by computing system 102. Communication mediatypically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, orprogram modules.

The system memory 130 may include computer storage media in the form ofvolatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 131and random access memory (RAM) 132. A basic input/output system (BIOS)133, containing the basic routines that help to transfer informationbetween elements within computing system 102, such as during start-up,is typically stored in ROM 131. RAM 132 typically contains data and/orprogram modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presentlybeing operated on by processing unit 120. By way of example, and notlimitation, FIG. 1 also illustrates operating system 134, applicationprograms 135, other program modules 136, and program data 137.

The computing system 102 may also include other removable/non-removablevolatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,FIG. 1 also illustrates a hard disk drive 141 that reads from or writesto non-removable, nonvolatile magnetic media, a magnetic disk drive 151that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile magnetic disk 152,and an optical disk drive 155 that reads from or writes to a removable,nonvolatile optical disk 156 such as, for example, a CD ROM or otheroptical media. Other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatilecomputer storage media that can be used in the exemplary operatingenvironment include, but are not limited to, USB drives and devices,magnetic tape cassettes, flash memory cards, digital versatile disks,digital video tape, solid state RAM, solid state ROM, and the like. Thehard disk drive 141 is typically connected to the system bus 121 througha non-removable memory interface such as interface 140, and magneticdisk drive 151 and optical disk drive 155 are typically connected to thesystem bus 121 by a removable memory interface, such as interface 150.

The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed aboveand illustrated in FIG. 1, provide storage of computer readableinstructions, data structures, program modules and other data for thecomputing system 102. In FIG. 1, for example, hard disk drive 141 isillustrated as storing operating system 144, application programs 145,other program modules 146, and program data 147. Note that thesecomponents can either be the same as or different from operating system134, application programs 135, other program modules 136, and programdata 137. The operating system 144, the application programs 145, theother program modules 146, and the program data 147 are given differentnumeric identification here to illustrate that, at a minimum, they aredifferent copies.

A user may enter commands and information into the computing system 102through input devices such as a keyboard 162, a microphone 163, and apointing device 161, such as a mouse, trackball or touch pad or touchscreen. Other input devices (not shown) may include a joystick, gamepad, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are oftenconnected to the processing unit 120 through a user input interface 160that is coupled with the system bus 121, but may be connected by otherinterface and bus structures, such as a parallel port, game port or auniversal serial bus (USB). A monitor 191 or other type of displaydevice is also connected to the system bus 121 via an interface, such asa video interface 190. In addition to the monitor, computers may alsoinclude other peripheral output devices such as speakers 197 and printer196, which may be connected through an output peripheral interface 190.

The computing system 102 may operate in a networked environment usinglogical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remotecomputer 180. The remote computer 180 may be a personal computer, ahand-held device, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device orother common network node, and typically includes many or all of theelements described above relative to the computing system 102. Thelogical connections depicted in FIG. 1 include a local area network(LAN) 171 and a wide area network (WAN) 173, but may also include othernetworks. Such networking environments are commonplace in offices,enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet.

When used in a LAN networking environment, the computing system 102 maybe connected to the LAN 171 through a network interface or adapter 170.When used in a WAN networking environment, the computing system 102typically includes a modem 172 or other means for establishingcommunications over the WAN 173, such as the Internet. The modem 172,which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus121 via the user-input interface 160, or other appropriate mechanism. Ina networked environment, program modules depicted relative to thecomputing system 102, or portions thereof, may be stored in a remotememory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation, FIG. 1illustrates remote application programs 185 as residing on remotecomputer 180. It will be appreciated that the network connections shownare exemplary and other means of establishing a communications linkbetween the computers may be used.

It should be noted that some embodiments of the present invention may becarried out on a computer system such as that described with respect toFIG. 1. However, some embodiments of the present invention may becarried out on a server, a computer devoted to message handling,handheld devices, or on a distributed system in which different portionsof the present design may be carried out on different parts of thedistributed computing system.

Another device that may be coupled with the system bus 121 is a powersupply such as a battery or a Direct Current (DC) power supply) andAlternating Current (AC) adapter circuit. The DC power supply may be abattery, a fuel cell, or similar DC power source needs to be rechargedon a periodic basis. The communication module (or modem) 172 may employa Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) to establish a wirelesscommunication channel. The communication module 172 may implement awireless networking standard such as Institute of Electrical andElectronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard, IEEE std. 802.11-1999,published by IEEE in 1999.

Examples of mobile computing systems may be a laptop computer, a tabletcomputer, a Netbook, a smart phone, a personal digital assistant, orother similar device with on board processing power and wirelesscommunications ability that is powered by a Direct Current (DC) powersource that supplies DC voltage to the mobile computing system and thatis solely within the mobile computing system and needs to be rechargedon a periodic basis, such as a fuel cell or a battery.

FIG. 2 shows a diagram of an example network environment that may beused with some embodiments of the present invention. Network environment200 includes computing systems 205 and 212. One or more of the computingsystems 205 and 212 may be a mobile computing system. The computingsystems 205 and 212 may be connected to the network 250 via a cellularconnection or via a Wi-Fi router (not shown). The network 250 may be theInternet. The computing systems 205 and 212 may be coupled with one ormore server computing systems 255 and 260 via the network 250.

Each of the computing systems 205 and 212 may include at least anapplication module (e.g., module 208 or 214). The application module 208or 214 may be configured to generate or receive media information. Auser may use the computing system 205 to connect to the server computingsystem 255 and log into application 257 (e.g., a Salesforce.com®application) to participate in a media sharing or exchanging session(e.g., video conferencing session, screen sharing session, audioconferencing session, etc.) with one or more other users using othercomputing system such as, for example, the computing system 212.

The server computing system 255 may be coupled with the server computingsystem 260. The server computing system 260 (referred to herein as amedia routing server) may include routing application 265 configured toroute media information among the computing systems (e.g., computingsystems 205, 212) that participate in a media sharing or exchangingsessions. For some embodiments, the routing of the media informationfrom a source computing system (e.g., computing system 205) to adestination computing system (e.g., computing system 212) may beperformed using a set of rules. The set of rules may include rulesassociated with sequencing (e.g., delivering objects in order), priority(e.g., priority of objects relative to one another), source/destination(e.g., where an object is coming from or going to), caching (e.g.,caching data on the server), redundancy (e.g., reduce loss and delay bysending multiple times), rate (e.g., the size of this stream in bytesper second), supersede (e.g., current object supersedes the priorobject), timing (e.g., for synchronization of streams), quality (e.g.,if compression then what quality level), stream identificationparameters (e.g., source, type), hash code (e.g., for doing quickcomparisons to similar objects), scaling (e.g., dropping portion ofdata), etc.

The set of rules may be applied at one or more of the source computingsystem, the media routing server 260, and the destination computingsystem. One advantage of routing the media information using rules (orrule-based routing) is that the routing application 265 can support anytype of media (e.g., webcam, movie, screen sharing, music, etc.) withminimal or no change to the media routing server 260. Another advantageof rule-based routing is that the routing application 265 can beconfigured to adjust parameters associated with sequencing,prioritizing, scaling, etc. to control how the media information istransmitted.

For some embodiments, the media information may be tagged withattributes that describe the routing information. The attributes may beassociated with the sequence, the priority, and the activity level. Ingeneral, the media routing server 260 may not know what type of mediainformation (e.g., audio or video) it is receiving. However, the mediainformation (which may include audio or video information) is taggedwith attributes that are appropriate for handling audio or videostreams. This enables the media routing server 260 to accommodate a widerange of media information without being constrained to particular mediainformation types (or formats).

The media information may include audio streams and/or video streamsgenerated by one or more of the computing systems 205 and 212. The mediainformation may include multiple objects. Each object may be associatedwith at least priority information and sequencing information. Eachobject may be transmitted one after another. For example, when a mediainformation includes ten (10) objects, each object may be associatedwith a sequence number and may be transmitted based on the sequencenumber.

FIG. 3 shows an example of modules that may be included in a computingsystem that participates in a media sharing or exchanging session, inaccordance with some embodiments. System 300 includes an applicationmodule 208 (also shown in FIG. 2), a conversion module 305, and alibrary module 310. The application module 208 may be an applicationthat enables sharing or exchanging the media information such as, forexample, a video conferencing application. A media information generatedby the application module 208 may flow from application module 208 tothe conversion module 305.

The conversion module 305 may include media specific transmitters (videotransmitter, audio transmitter, etc.). Each media specific transmittermay be configured to convert the media information into objects ofpredetermined size. The conversion module 305 may also be configured toapply rules to each of the objects. There may be a set of rules forobjects associated with a video stream, and there may be a set of rulesfor objects associated with an audio stream. The objects may then beplaced into an output queue associated with the library module 310. Thelibrary module 310 may be configured to perform outbound client-sideprocessing (compression, sequencing, prioritization, etc.). The librarymodule 310 may be viewed as a transmitting or pumping mechanism thattransmits media information into the network 250 to share with otherusers. The library module 310 may also serve as the receiving mechanismthat receives media information shared by others via the network 250.Appropriate rules may be applied by the library module 310. The sourcecomputing system may organize the objects into a packet. The size of thepacket may be determined by the network 250. There may be no correlationbetween object size and packet size. It may be possible that a packetmay include multiple objects. The library module 310 may send the packet(and its objects) to the media routing server 260 (shown in FIG. 2) in amultiplexed stream—possibly including pieces of other objects. Acomputing system may be both a source computing system when it transmitsthe media information and a destination computing system when itreceives the media information. It may be possible for the computingsystem to use one packet size (e.g., 1500 bytes) for transmission andanother packet size (e.g., 3500 bytes) for receiving.

The media routing server 260 may performs inbound server-side processing(desegmentation, deduplication, addressing, etc.). When a packet isreceived by the media routing server 260, it may be added to a heap forprocessing. For example, if the packet is to be delivered to threedestination computing systems 415-425, then it is processed for eachdestination computing system and then get deleted from the heap. Themedia routing server 260 may unpack the packets to process the objects.The media routing server 260 may transmit the objects internally from aclient receiver, to one or more client transmitters depending on theaddressing info. The media routing server 260 may apply rules on thereceiving side and rules on the transmitting side before the objects areplaced into a server output queue associated with the media routingserver 260. For example, the media routing server 260 may performoutbound processing that may include sequencing, prioritization,scaling, etc. From the server output queue, the objects are transmittedto one or more destination computing systems. The transmission of theobjects may be based on the bandwidth of the destination computingsystems, the type of media information that the objects is associatedwith, and the latency factor.

At each destination computing system, the objects may be received at theinput queue of the library module 310. Further rules (sequencing,decompression, scaling, prioritization, etc.) may be applied to theobjects. The objects may then be transmitted to a receiver in theconversion module 305 of the destination computing system. The objectsmay be processed by the conversion module 305 (e.g., forming a mediainformation based on the objects received from the media routingserver). The resulting media information may then be delivered by theconversion module 305 to the application module 208 for presentation toa user at the destination computing system.

FIG. 4 shows an example diagram of computing systems participating in amedia sharing or exchanging session, in accordance with someembodiments. Diagram 400 includes a source computing system 405A andthree destination computing systems 415, 420 and 425. The sourcecomputing system 405A is configured to transmit media information to thedestination computing systems 415, 420 and 425 via the media routingserver 260. The source computing system 405A include an output queue406, and the media routing server 260 includes an output queue 261.

Each of the destination computing systems 415, 420 and 425 may receiveunique and appropriate amount of media information depending on itsbandwidth. Some destination computing systems may receive more mediainformation, while some may receive less. For some embodiments, theobjects associated with the media information may be transmitted betweenthe source computing system 405A and the destination computing systems415, 420 and 425 using multiplex with one logical channel so that theobjects can be easily prioritized and synchronized.

The media routing server 260 may be configured to route the mediainformation without performing any decompressing, rendering andcompressing operations. The decompressing, rendering and compressingoperations may impact the performance of the media routing server 260and may affect latency. Further, when the decompressing, rendering andcompressing operations are necessary, the media information such as anaudio stream or a video stream has to be completely received before suchoperations can be performed. By not having to perform any decompressing,rendering and compressing operations, the media routing server 260 canbe easily configured to deliver the objects in the media information assoon as the objects are ready to be delivered. There is no need to waitas long as the destination computing system has enough bandwidth toreceive. This keeps the latency low and enables the media routing server260 to accommodate routing real-time media information.

For some embodiments, when the media information includes a videostream, scaling operations may be performed on the video stream. Thescaling operations may include temporal scaling which uses lower framerate, resolution scaling which uses lower resolution, and qualityscaling which removes portions of the video stream. It may be noted thatscaling is different from compressing or decompressing because scalingdrops portions of the video stream, not compressing and decompressingit. During a media sharing or exchanging session, the scaling operationsmay be continuous.

The scaling operations may be performed at the output queue 406 of thesource computing system 405A before the video stream is transmitted tothe media routing server 260. For example, the source computing system405A may scale a video stream to accommodate its low transmissionbandwidth. The scaling operations may also be performed at the outputqueue 261 of the media routing server 260 before the media informationis transmitted from the media routing server 260 to the destinationcomputing system 415, 420 and 425. For example, when a user at thesource computing system 405A uploads a video stream at a rate of onemegabit per second, and the destination computing system 415 can onlyreceive at a rate of 100 Kbits per second, the video stream may need tobe scaled to accommodate the lower bandwidth of the destinationcomputing system 415.

For some embodiments, the scaling of a video stream by the media routingserver 260 is based on scalable video coding (SVC). The SVC may be basedon the H.264/AVC standard. The scaling operations may include removingportions of the video stream to adapt to the characteristics of thedestination computing system. When a video stream is to be routed by themedia routing server 260 to the destination computing systems 415, 420and 425, a collection of parallel logical channels 414, 419 and 424 maybe used. Each of the logical channels 414, 419 and 424 may be associatedwith one or more sub-channels. Each of the sub-channels may beconfigured to perform operations that can be used to scale the videostream. For example, a sub-channel may be configured to control theframe rates of a video stream. This enables the media routing server 260to selectively scale the video stream to accommodate the characteristicsof the destination computing systems 415, 420 and 425.

For some embodiments, the scaling of a video stream may be performedbased on a key frame (referred to as an i-frame) and succession ofchanges to the key frame (referred to as a p-frames). The i-framegenerally includes the entire image in a frame. The p-frames generallyinclude changes to the image from a previous frame. Using this approach,it may be possible to drop some or all of the p-frames associated withan i-frame with minimal or no effect on the quality of the image.

The scaling operations may be performed based on the type of videostream. For example, when the video stream is associated with a videoconferencing application, it may be acceptable to use scaling operationsthat cause the video to be of lesser quality or resolution at adestination computing system. When the video stream is associated with ascreen sharing application that requires text readability, it may beacceptable to use scaling operations that generate fewer updates butwith more information delivered at each update.

For some embodiments, when the media information includes an audiostream, scaling operations may be performed on the audio stream. Theaudio stream may be a multi-point audio stream such as multiple audiostreams transmitted by multiple source computing systems (e.g., sourcecomputing systems 405A-405E) and received by the media routing server260. The multi-point audio stream may be part of an application thatenables multiple users to communicate with one another such as, forexample, a conference call application. In this example, a sourcecomputing system 405A may also be a destination computing system becauseit can also receive the audio streams from other source computingsystems 405B-405E. Each audio stream may be transmitted from amicrophone.

For some embodiments, the audio streams may be ranked according to voiceactivity level. For example, the audio streams from each of the sourcecomputing systems 405A-405E are respectively referred to as A, B, C, D,and E, and they can be ranked as C, E, A, B, D where the audio stream C(transmitted by source computing system 405C) is the highest ranked, andthe audio stream D (transmitted by the source computing system 405D) isthe least ranked. This may correspond to the user of the sourcecomputing system 405C has been talking most recently, and the user ofthe source computing system 405D has been talking least recently.

The media routing server 260 may include a distributor that prioritizesthe information the media routing server 260 receives based on amount ofactivity, bandwidth, and other such factors. The distributor may use abuoyancy table for prioritization. For example, when a user talksloudly, the audio stream associated with that user may be given a higherpriority. When that user stops talking or talk less frequently, theaudio stream may be given a lower priority.

For some embodiments, a user at a source computing system may receive aset of the highest ranked audio streams where the number of streamsreceived is a function of available bandwidth. For example, if thesource computing system 405A has sufficient bandwidth for four audiostreams, then a user of the source computing system 405A may receive theaudio streams C, E, B, and D. If the source computing system 405E hassufficient bandwidth for two audio streams, then a user of the sourcecomputing system 405E may receive the audio streams C and B. If thesource computing system 405C has sufficient bandwidth for one audiostream, then a user of the source computing system 405C may receive theaudio stream E. It is assumed that a user does not want to receive ownaudio stream which may cause an echo effect.

When the media information includes an audio stream, lossy sequencingmay be used to keep track of the order of the objects. With the lossysequencing, when the objects are received out of order, the mediarouting server 260 may wait for a predetermined length of time (e.g.,several milliseconds) for the out-of-order object to arrive from thesource computing system 405 before giving up. The potential of the mediarouting server 260 giving up waiting for an out-of-order object may bereduced by using full redundancy such as, for example, transmitting theaudio stream twice. With full redundancy, when an object from a firststream may be replaced by the same object from a second stream. Lossysequencing may also be applied by a destination computing system whenreceiving the scaled media information from the media routing server260.

The media routing server 260 and the destination computing systems 415,420 and 425 may maintain periodic communication (e.g., every 15milliseconds) so that the media routing server 260 is aware of thecharacteristics (e.g., bandwidth) of the destination computing systems415, 420 and 425. This enables the media routing server 260 to transmitan optimal amount of information to each of the destination computingsystems 415, 420 and 425. The media routing server 260 may also maintainfrequent communication with the source computing system 405 for the samepurpose.

For some embodiments, the routing of the media information from themedia routing server 260 to the destination computing systems 415, 420and 425 may be based on the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) of theInternet Protocol (IP) suite. TCP can send information in almost anysize packet. However, the TCP packets are usually split into one or morepackets according to a TCP parameter called TCP window size. The one ormore packets may then be sent using User Datagram Protocol (UDP). WithTCP, when the packets are transmitted with a packet size that is lessthan the TCP window size, the packets will be transmitted using a singleUDP packet. For example, if the TCP window size is 48K, and the amountof information to be transmitted is only 32K, the media routing server260 may transmit the information using one packet. If the amount ofinformation to be transmitted is 70K, then the media routing server 260may transmit using two packets: the first packet at 48K, then the secondpacket at 22K. Using a single UDP packet may increase the timingpredictability of the underlying network. It may allow transmittinglarge blocks of information faster because the transmission can beperformed using multiple TCP connections, rather than a single TCPconnection, providing higher parallelism. As such, it may beadvantageous to keep the packet size to be close to the TCP window size.

The amount of information that can be transmitted between a mediarouting server 260 and a destination computing system 415, 420 or 425may be based on many factors. Some of these factors may include the ratethat the packets are transmitted, the size of the inbound and outboundpackets, and the number of connections that is being used. Based on thenetwork behavior, one or more of these factors may be adjusted.

For some embodiments, when it is detected that the available bandwidthhas increased, the interval or rate may be adjusted. Typically, a packetmay be transmitted at a constant interval of 15 milliseconds. Theinterval may be reduced when there is more bandwidth (e.g., increasefrom 40 Mbits to 100 Mbits). For example, the interval may start at 15milliseconds and may be reduced to 10 milliseconds when more bandwidthis available.

For some embodiments, a packet size for packets that are used instreaming information between a destination computing system and a mediarouting server 260 may be adjusted based on the available bandwidth. Forexample, if the media routing server 260 is currently streaming datawith 32 Kbits per packet based on the available bandwidth, and it isdetermined that the available bandwidth increases by 50%, then thepacket size may be increased from 32 Kbits to 48 Kbits per packet, a 50%increase. However, since the transmission may be constrained by themaximum window size (e.g., 64 Kbits) used by an underlying protocol,adjusting the packet size may not fully utilize the higher bandwidth.For example, if the current packet size is 48 Kbits per packet based onthe current bandwidth, and it is determined that the available bandwidthincreases by 100%, the packet size cannot be increased by 100% goingfrom 48 Kbits to 96 Kbits because maximum window size of the protocol isset at 64 Kbits.

For some embodiments, a number of simultaneous connections used for thestreaming of information may be increased from a first number ofsimultaneous connections to a second number of simultaneous connections.This may be based on the determining that there is an increase inavailable bandwidth and that the current packet size is equal to amaximum packet size for a protocol used for the streaming information(e.g., TCP window size). For example, when the available bandwidthincreases 100%, the number of simultaneous connections used for thestreaming of information may be increased from twelve (12) simultaneousconnections to twenty (20) simultaneous connections, reflecting a 67%increase. If the current packet size is 48 Kbits and the maximum packetsize for the protocol is 64 Kbits, then an increase of the packet sizeto the maximum packet size only provides a 33% increase. In thisexample, the increase in the number of connections may better utilizethe available bandwidth than the increase in packet size. This approachis limited only by the number of available simultaneous connections andnot by the maximum window size of the underlying protocol.

FIG. 5 shows an example of session table that may be used by a mediarouting server, in accordance with some embodiments. The media routingserver 260 may establish a user session table (UST) 505 and a groupsession table (GST) 510. A user session is established for eachcomputing system associated with the media routing server. A usersession may include information (e.g., address, bandwidth, etc.) about aparticular computing system. The user session is stored in the UST 505.Each user session is associated with a group session. A group sessionmay include multiple user sessions that correspond to the multiplecomputing systems (e.g., computing systems 405, 415, 420, 425 shown inFIG. 4) that participate in the same media sharing or exchangingsession. The group session is stored in the GST 510. The UST 505 may beassociated with an object processing module 506 that processes orunpacks the incoming objects from the source computing system 405. Theobject processing module 506 may tag or assign delivery characteristics(e.g., sequence number, priority, etc.) to the objects for transmission.The media routing server 260 may be configured to use the information ina group session to determine how to route the objects to the destinationcomputing systems 415, 420 and 425.

FIG. 6A shows a flowchart of an example process for transmitting scaledmedia information, performed in accordance with some embodiments. Themethod 600 may be performed by a source computing system to route themedia information from a source computing system to a media routingserver. At block 605, the media information may be generated by anapplication in the source computing system. At block 610, thetransmission bandwidth of the source computing system may be determinedAt block 615, the media information may be scaled based on thebandwidth. At block 620, the scaled media information may be transmittedto the media routing server.

FIG. 6B shows a flowchart of an example process for routing mediainformation to destination computing systems, performed in accordancewith some embodiments. The method 622 may be performed by a mediarouting server after receiving the media information from a sourcecomputing system. At block 625, the media information is received from asource computing system. At block 630, rules may be applied to assignpriority to the media information. At block 635, rules may be applied toscale the media information. The rules may take into consideration thecharacteristics of the destination computing systems. At block 640,rules may be applied to apply sequencing to the media information. Therules may be applied by the object processing module 506 (shown in FIG.5). At block 645, the processed media information may be transmitted toa destination computing system.

FIG. 7 shows a flowchart of an example process for adjusting packet sizeand connections based on available bandwidth, performed in accordancewith some embodiments. The method 700 may be performed by a mediarouting server while streaming information to a destination computingsystem. A media routing server may be transmitting information to adestination computing system using certain transmission configurationsuch as, for example, 32 Kbits packet size, twelve (12) simultaneousconnections, 15 milliseconds interval, etc.) At block 705, the mediarouting server may periodically check to determine whether there is anincrease in the available bandwidth. If there is no increase, theprocess flows to block 710, and the transmission of information betweenthe media routing server and the destination computing system maycontinue with the current configuration.

From block 705, if there is an increase, the process flows to block 715,where the packet size may be increased. The increase in the packet sizemay vary and may be based on the increase in the bandwidth. For example,if the bandwidth is increased by 50%, then the packet size may beincreased by 50%. For example, if the current packet size is 32 Kbits,and the available bandwidth increases by 50%, then the packet size maybe increased by 50% from 32 Kbits to 48 Kbits.

At block 720, the media routing server may check whether the increasedpacket size is equal to the protocol window size (or maximum packetsize). If it is not equal to the maximum packet size, the process flowsto block 725 where the transmission of the information may continue withthe higher packet size. From block 720, if the increased packet size ismore than the maximum packet size, then the packet size may need to beadjusted. For some embodiments, the packet size may be set to be thesame as the maximum packet size, as shown in block 730.

At block 735, the number of simultaneous connections may be increased toa higher number of simultaneous connections (e.g., 12 connections to 20connections). For some embodiments, the packet size and the number ofsimultaneous connections may likewise be adjusted downward when there isa decrease in the available bandwidth. For some embodiments, when thereis a change in the bandwidth and the change is determined to be minimalor not sufficiently significant, the existing transmission configurationmay be maintained.

FIG. 8A shows a system diagram 800 illustrating architectural componentsof an on-demand service environment, in accordance with someembodiments. A client machine located in the cloud 804 (or Internet) maycommunicate with the on-demand service environment via one or more edgerouters 808 and 812. The edge routers may communicate with one or morecore switches 820 and 824 via firewall 816. The core switches maycommunicate with a load balancer 828, which may distribute server loadover different pods, such as the pods 840 and 844. The pods 840 and 844,which may each include one or more servers and/or other computingresources, may perform data processing and other operations used toprovide on-demand services. Communication with the pods may be conductedvia pod switches 832 and 836. Components of the on-demand serviceenvironment may communicate with a database storage system 856 via adatabase firewall 848 and a database switch 852.

As shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B, accessing an on-demand service environmentmay involve communications transmitted among a variety of differenthardware and/or software components. Further, the on-demand serviceenvironment 800 is a simplified representation of an actual on-demandservice environment. For example, while only one or two devices of eachtype are shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B, some embodiments of an on-demandservice environment may include anywhere from one to many devices ofeach type. Also, the on-demand service environment need not include eachdevice shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B, or may include additional devices notshown in FIGS. 8A and 8B.

Moreover, one or more of the devices in the on-demand serviceenvironment 800 may be implemented on the same physical device or ondifferent hardware. Some devices may be implemented using hardware or acombination of hardware and software. Thus, terms such as “dataprocessing apparatus,” “machine,” “server” and “device” as used hereinare not limited to a single hardware device, but rather include anyhardware and software configured to provide the described functionality.

The cloud 804 is intended to refer to a data network or plurality ofdata networks, often including the Internet. Client machines located inthe cloud 804 may communicate with the on-demand service environment toaccess services provided by the on-demand service environment. Forexample, client machines may access the on-demand service environment toretrieve, store, edit, and/or process information.

In some embodiments, the edge routers 808 and 812 route packets betweenthe cloud 804 and other components of the on-demand service environment800. The edge routers 808 and 812 may employ the Border Gateway Protocol(BGP). The BGP is the core routing protocol of the Internet. The edgerouters 808 and 812 may maintain a table of IP networks or ‘prefixes’which designate network reachability among autonomous systems on theInternet.

In one or more embodiments, the firewall 816 may protect the innercomponents of the on-demand service environment 800 from Internettraffic. The firewall 816 may block, permit, or deny access to the innercomponents of the on-demand service environment 800 based upon a set ofrules and other criteria. The firewall 816 may act as one or more of apacket filter, an application gateway, a stateful filter, a proxyserver, or any other type of firewall.

In some embodiments, the core switches 820 and 824 are high-capacityswitches that transfer packets within the on-demand service environment800. The core switches 820 and 824 may be configured as network bridgesthat quickly route data between different components within theon-demand service environment. In some embodiments, the use of two ormore core switches 820 and 824 may provide redundancy and/or reducedlatency.

In some embodiments, the pods 840 and 844 may perform the core dataprocessing and service functions provided by the on-demand serviceenvironment. Each pod may include various types of hardware and/orsoftware computing resources. An example of the pod architecture isdiscussed in greater detail with reference to FIG. 8B.

In some embodiments, communication between the pods 840 and 844 may beconducted via the pod switches 832 and 836. The pod switches 832 and 836may facilitate communication between the pods 840 and 844 and clientmachines located in the cloud 804, for example via core switches 820 and824. Also, the pod switches 832 and 836 may facilitate communicationbetween the pods 840 and 844 and the database storage 856.

In some embodiments, the load balancer 828 may distribute workloadbetween the pods 840 and 844. Balancing the on-demand service requestsbetween the pods may assist in improving the use of resources,increasing throughput, reducing response times, and/or reducingoverhead. The load balancer 828 may include multilayer switches toanalyze and forward traffic.

In some embodiments, access to the database storage 856 may be guardedby a database firewall 848. The database firewall 848 may act as acomputer application firewall operating at the database applicationlayer of a protocol stack. The database firewall 848 may protect thedatabase storage 856 from application attacks such as structure querylanguage (SQL) injection, database rootkits, and unauthorizedinformation disclosure.

In some embodiments, the database firewall 848 may include a host usingone or more forms of reverse proxy services to proxy traffic beforepassing it to a gateway router. The database firewall 848 may inspectthe contents of database traffic and block certain content or databaserequests. The database firewall 848 may work on the SQL applicationlevel atop the TCP/IP stack, managing applications' connection to thedatabase or SQL management interfaces as well as intercepting andenforcing packets traveling to or from a database network or applicationinterface.

In some embodiments, communication with the database storage system 856may be conducted via the database switch 852. The multi-tenant databasesystem 856 may include more than one hardware and/or software componentsfor handling database queries. Accordingly, the database switch 852 maydirect database queries transmitted by other components of the on-demandservice environment (e.g., the pods 840 and 844) to the correctcomponents within the database storage system 856. In some embodiments,the database storage system 856 is an on-demand database system sharedby many different organizations. The on-demand database system mayemploy a multi-tenant approach, a virtualized approach, or any othertype of database approach. An on-demand database system is discussed ingreater detail with reference to FIGS. 9 and 10.

FIG. 8B shows a system diagram illustrating the architecture of the pod844, in accordance with one embodiment. The pod 844 may be used torender services to a user of the on-demand service environment 800. Insome embodiments, each pod may include a variety of servers and/or othersystems. The pod 844 includes one or more content batch servers 864,content search servers 868, query servers 872, file force servers 876,access control system (ACS) servers 880, batch servers 884, and appservers 888. Also, the pod 844 includes database instances 890, quickfile systems (QFS) 892, and indexers 894. In one or more embodiments,some or all communication between the servers in the pod 844 may betransmitted via the switch 836.

In some embodiments, the application servers 888 may include a hardwareand/or software framework dedicated to the execution of procedures(e.g., programs, routines, scripts) for supporting the construction ofapplications provided by the on-demand service environment 800 via thepod 844. Some such procedures may include operations for providing theservices described herein. The content batch servers 864 may requestsinternal to the pod. These requests may be long-running and/or not tiedto a particular customer. For example, the content batch servers 864 mayhandle requests related to log mining, cleanup work, and maintenancetasks.

The content search servers 868 may provide query and indexer functions.For example, the functions provided by the content search servers 868may allow users to search through content stored in the on-demandservice environment. The Fileforce servers 876 may manage requestsinformation stored in the Fileforce storage 878. The Fileforce storage878 may store information such as documents, images, and basic largeobjects (BLOBs). By managing requests for information using theFileforce servers 876, the image footprint on the database may bereduced.

The query servers 872 may be used to retrieve information from one ormore file systems. For example, the query system 872 may receiverequests for information from the app servers 888 and then transmitinformation queries to the NFS 896 located outside the pod. The pod 844may share a database instance 890 configured as a multi-tenantenvironment in which different organizations share access to the samedatabase. Additionally, services rendered by the pod 844 may requirevarious hardware and/or software resources. In some embodiments, the ACSservers 880 may control access to data, hardware resources, or softwareresources.

In some embodiments, the batch servers 884 may process batch jobs, whichare used to run tasks at specified times. Thus, the batch servers 884may transmit instructions to other servers, such as the app servers 888,to trigger the batch jobs. In some embodiments, the QFS 892 may be anopen source file system available from Sun Microsystems® of Santa Clara,Calif. The QFS may serve as a rapid-access file system for storing andaccessing information available within the pod 844. The QFS 892 maysupport some volume management capabilities, allowing many disks to begrouped together into a file system. File system metadata can be kept ona separate set of disks, which may be useful for streaming applicationswhere long disk seeks cannot be tolerated. Thus, the QFS system maycommunicate with one or more content search servers 868 and/or indexers894 to identify, retrieve, move, and/or update data stored in thenetwork file systems 896 and/or other storage systems.

In some embodiments, one or more query servers 872 may communicate withthe NFS 896 to retrieve and/or update information stored outside of thepod 844. The NFS 896 may allow servers located in the pod 844 to accessinformation to access files over a network in a manner similar to howlocal storage is accessed. In some embodiments, queries from the queryservers 822 may be transmitted to the NFS 896 via the load balancer 820,which may distribute resource requests over various resources availablein the on-demand service environment. The NFS 896 may also communicatewith the QFS 892 to update the information stored on the NFS 896 and/orto provide information to the QFS 892 for use by servers located withinthe pod 844.

In some embodiments, the pod may include one or more database instances890. The database instance 890 may transmit information to the QFS 892.When information is transmitted to the QFS, it may be available for useby servers within the pod 844 without requiring an additional databasecall. In some embodiments, database information may be transmitted tothe indexer 894. Indexer 894 may provide an index of informationavailable in the database 890 and/or QFS 892. The index information maybe provided to file force servers 876 and/or the QFS 892.

FIG. 9 shows a block diagram of an environment 910 wherein an on-demanddatabase service might be used, in accordance with some embodiments.Environment 910 includes an on-demand database service 916. User system912 may be any machine or system that is used by a user to access adatabase user system. For example, any of user systems 912 can be ahandheld computing system, a mobile phone, a laptop computer, a workstation, and/or a network of computing systems. As illustrated in FIGS.9 and 10, user systems 912 might interact via a network 914 with theon-demand database service 916.

An on-demand database service, such as system 916, is a database systemthat is made available to outside users that do not need to necessarilybe concerned with building and/or maintaining the database system, butinstead may be available for their use when the users need the databasesystem (e.g., on the demand of the users). Some on-demand databaseservices may store information from one or more tenants stored intotables of a common database image to form a multi-tenant database system(MTS). Accordingly, “on-demand database service 916” and “system 916”will be used interchangeably herein. A database image may include one ormore database objects. A relational database management system (RDBMS)or the equivalent may execute storage and retrieval of informationagainst the database object(s). Application platform 918 may be aframework that allows the applications of system 916 to run, such as thehardware and/or software, e.g., the operating system. In animplementation, on-demand database service 916 may include anapplication platform 918 that enables creation, managing and executingone or more applications developed by the provider of the on-demanddatabase service, users accessing the on-demand database service viauser systems 912, or third party application developers accessing theon-demand database service via user systems 912.

One arrangement for elements of system 916 is shown in FIG. 9, includinga network interface 920, application platform 918, tenant data storage922 for tenant data 923, system data storage 924 for system data 925accessible to system 916 and possibly multiple tenants, program code 926for implementing various functions of system 916, and a process space928 for executing MTS system processes and tenant-specific processes,such as running applications as part of an application hosting service.Additional processes that may execute on system 916 include databaseindexing processes.

The users of user systems 912 may differ in their respective capacities,and the capacity of a particular user system 912 might be entirelydetermined by permissions (permission levels) for the current user. Forexample, where a call center agent is using a particular user system 912to interact with system 916, the user system 912 has the capacitiesallotted to that call center agent. However, while an administrator isusing that user system to interact with system 916, that user system hasthe capacities allotted to that administrator. In systems with ahierarchical role model, users at one permission level may have accessto applications, data, and database information accessible by a lowerpermission level user, but may not have access to certain applications,database information, and data accessible by a user at a higherpermission level. Thus, different users may have different capabilitieswith regard to accessing and modifying application and databaseinformation, depending on a user's security or permission level.

Network 914 is any network or combination of networks of devices thatcommunicate with one another. For example, network 914 can be any one orany combination of a LAN (local area network), WAN (wide area network),telephone network, wireless network, point-to-point network, starnetwork, token ring network, hub network, or other appropriateconfiguration. As the most common type of computer network in currentuse is a TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol)network (e.g., the Internet), that network will be used in many of theexamples herein. However, it should be understood that the networks usedin some embodiments are not so limited, although TCP/IP is a frequentlyimplemented protocol.

User systems 912 might communicate with system 916 using TCP/IP and, ata higher network level, use other common Internet protocols tocommunicate, such as HTTP, FTP, AFS, WAP, etc. In an example where HTTPis used, user system 912 might include an HTTP client commonly referredto as a “browser” for sending and receiving HTTP messages to and from anHTTP server at system 916. Such an HTTP server might be implemented asthe sole network interface between system 916 and network 914, but othertechniques might be used as well or instead. In some embodiments, theinterface between system 916 and network 914 includes load sharingfunctionality, such as round-robin HTTP request distributors to balanceloads and distribute incoming HTTP requests evenly over a plurality ofservers. At least as for the users that are accessing that server, eachof the plurality of servers has access to the MTS' data; however, otheralternative configurations may be used instead.

In some embodiments, system 916, shown in FIG. 9, implements a web-basedcustomer relationship management (CRM) system. For example, in someembodiments, system 916 includes application servers configured toimplement and execute CRM software applications as well as providerelated data, code, forms, web pages and other information to and fromuser systems 912 and to store to, and retrieve from, a database systemrelated data, objects, and Webpage content. With a multi-tenant system,data for multiple tenants may be stored in the same physical databaseobject, however, tenant data typically is arranged so that data of onetenant is kept logically separate from that of other tenants so that onetenant does not have access to another tenant's data, unless such datais expressly shared. In certain embodiments, system 916 implementsapplications other than, or in addition to, a CRM application. Forexample, system 916 may provide tenant access to multiple hosted(standard and custom) applications. User (or third party developer)applications, which may or may not include CRM, may be supported by theapplication platform 918, which manages creation, storage of theapplications into one or more database objects and executing of theapplications in a virtual machine in the process space of the system916.

Each user system 912 could include a desktop personal computer,workstation, laptop, PDA, cell phone, or any wireless access protocol(WAP) enabled device or any other computing system capable ofinterfacing directly or indirectly to the Internet or other networkconnection. User system 912 typically runs an HTTP client, e.g., abrowsing program, such as Microsoft's Internet Explorer® browser,Mozilla's Firefox® browser, Opera's browser, or a WAP-enabled browser inthe case of a cell phone, PDA or other wireless device, or the like,allowing a user (e.g., subscriber of the multi-tenant database system)of user system 912 to access, process and view information, pages andapplications available to it from system 916 over network 914.

Each user system 912 also typically includes one or more user interfacedevices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, trackball, touch pad, touchscreen, pen or the like, for interacting with a graphical user interface(GUI) provided by the browser on a display (e.g., a monitor screen, LCDdisplay, etc.) in conjunction with pages, forms, applications and otherinformation provided by system 916 or other systems or servers. Forexample, the user interface device can be used to access data andapplications hosted by system 916, and to perform searches on storeddata, and otherwise allow a user to interact with various GUI pages thatmay be presented to a user. As discussed above, embodiments are suitablefor use with the Internet, which refers to a specific globalinternetwork of networks. However, it should be understood that othernetworks can be used instead of the Internet, such as an intranet, anextranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a non-TCP/IP based network,any LAN or WAN or the like.

According to some embodiments, each user system 912 and all of itscomponents are operator configurable using applications, such as abrowser, including computer code run using a central processing unitsuch as an Intel Pentium® processor or the like. Similarly, system 916(and additional instances of an MTS, where more than one is present) andall of their components might be operator configurable usingapplication(s) including computer code to run using a central processingunit such as processor system 917, which may include an Intel Pentium®processor or the like, and/or multiple processor units.

A computer program product implementation includes a machine-readablestorage medium (media) having instructions stored thereon/in which canbe used to program a computer to perform any of the processes of theembodiments described herein. Computer code for operating andconfiguring system 916 to intercommunicate and to process web pages,applications and other data and media content as described herein arepreferably downloaded and stored on a hard disk, but the entire programcode, or portions thereof, may also be stored in any other volatile ornon-volatile memory medium or device, such as a ROM or RAM, or providedon any media capable of storing program code, such as any type ofrotating media including floppy disks, optical discs, digital versatiledisk (DVD), compact disk (CD), microdrive, and magneto-optical disks,and magnetic or optical cards, nanosystems (including molecular memoryICs), or any type of media or device suitable for storing instructionsand/or data. Additionally, the entire program code, or portions thereof,may be transmitted and downloaded from a software source over atransmission medium, e.g., over the Internet, or from another server, ortransmitted over any other conventional network connection (e.g.,extranet, VPN, LAN, etc.) using any communication medium and protocols(e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS, Ethernet, etc.). It will also be appreciatedthat computer code for implementing embodiments can be implemented inany programming language that can be executed on a client system and/orserver or server system such as, for example, C, C++, HTML, any othermarkup language, Java™, JavaScript®, ActiveX®, any other scriptinglanguage, such as VBScript, and many other programming languages as arewell known may be used. (Java™ is a trademark of Sun Microsystems®,Inc.).

According to some embodiments, each system 916 is configured to provideweb pages, forms, applications, data and media content to user (client)systems 912 to support the access by user systems 912 as tenants ofsystem 916. As such, system 916 provides security mechanisms to keepeach tenant's data separate unless the data is shared. If more than oneMTS is used, they may be located in close proximity to one another(e.g., in a server farm located in a single building or campus), or theymay be distributed at locations remote from one another (e.g., one ormore servers located in city A and one or more servers located in cityB). As used herein, each MTS could include logically and/or physicallyconnected servers distributed locally or across one or more geographiclocations. Additionally, the term “server” is meant to include acomputer system, including processing hardware and process space(s), andan associated storage system and database application (e.g., OODBMS orRDBMS) as is well known in the art.

It should also be understood that “server system” and “server” are oftenused interchangeably herein. Similarly, the database object describedherein can be implemented as single databases, a distributed database, acollection of distributed databases, a database with redundant online oroffline backups or other redundancies, etc., and might include adistributed database or storage network and associated processingintelligence.

FIG. 10 also shows a block diagram of environment 910 furtherillustrating system 916 and various interconnections, in accordance withsome embodiments. FIG. 10 shows that user system 912 may includeprocessor system 912A, memory system 912B, input system 912C, and outputsystem 912D. FIG. 10 shows network 914 and system 916. FIG. 10 alsoshows that system 916 may include tenant data storage 922, tenant data923, system data storage 924, system data 925, User Interface (UI) 1030,Application Program Interface (API) 1032, PL/SOQL 1034, save routines1036, application setup mechanism 1038, applications servers10001-1000N, system process space 1002, tenant process spaces 1004,tenant management process space 1010, tenant storage area 1012, userstorage 1014, and application metadata 1016. In other embodiments,environment 910 may not have the same elements as those listed aboveand/or may have other elements instead of, or in addition to, thoselisted above.

User system 912, network 914, system 916, tenant data storage 922, andsystem data storage 924 were discussed above in FIG. 9. Regarding usersystem 912, processor system 912A may be any combination of processors.Memory system 912B may be any combination of one or more memory devices,short term, and/or long term memory. Input system 912C may be anycombination of input devices, such as keyboards, mice, trackballs,scanners, cameras, and/or interfaces to networks. Output system 912D maybe any combination of output devices, such as monitors, printers, and/orinterfaces to networks. As shown by FIG. 10, system 916 may include anetwork interface 920 (of FIG. 9) implemented as a set of HTTPapplication servers 1000, an application platform 918, tenant datastorage 922, and system data storage 924. Also shown is system processspace 1002, including individual tenant process spaces 1004 and a tenantmanagement process space 1010. Each application server 1000 may beconfigured to tenant data storage 922 and the tenant data 923 therein,and system data storage 924 and the system data 925 therein to serverequests of user systems 912. The tenant data 923 might be divided intoindividual tenant storage areas 1012, which can be either a physicalarrangement and/or a logical arrangement of data. Within each tenantstorage area 1012, user storage 1014 and application metadata 1016 mightbe similarly allocated for each user. For example, a copy of a user'smost recently used (MRU) items might be stored to user storage 1014.Similarly, a copy of MRU items for an entire organization that is atenant might be stored to tenant storage area 1012. A UI 1030 provides auser interface and an API 1032 provides an application programmerinterface to system 916 resident processes to users and/or developers atuser systems 912. The tenant data and the system data may be stored invarious databases, such as Oracle™ databases.

Application platform 918 includes an application setup mechanism 1038that supports application developers' creation and management ofapplications, which may be saved as metadata into tenant data storage922 by save routines 1036 for execution by subscribers as tenant processspaces 1004 managed by tenant management process 1010 for example.Invocations to such applications may be coded using PL/SOQL 34 thatprovides a programming language style interface extension to API 1032. Adetailed description of some PL/SOQL language embodiments is discussedin commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,730,478, titled METHOD AND SYSTEMFOR ALLOWING ACCESS TO DEVELOPED APPLICATIONS VIA A MULTI-TENANTON-DEMAND DATABASE SERVICE, by Craig Weissman, filed Sep. 21, 2007,which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and for allpurposes. Invocations to applications may be detected by systemprocesses, which manage retrieving application metadata 1016 for thesubscriber making the invocation and executing the metadata as anapplication in a virtual machine.

Each application server 1000 may be communicably coupled to databasesystems, e.g., having access to system data 925 and tenant data 923, viaa different network connection. For example, one application server10001 might be coupled via the network 914 (e.g., the Internet), anotherapplication server 1000N-1 might be coupled via a direct network link,and another application server 1000N might be coupled by yet a differentnetwork connection. Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol(TCP/IP) are typical protocols for communicating between applicationservers 1000 and the database system. However, other transport protocolsmay be used to optimize the system depending on the network interconnectused.

In certain embodiments, each application server 1000 is configured tohandle requests for any user associated with any organization that is atenant. Because it is desirable to be able to add and remove applicationservers from the server pool at any time for any reason, there ispreferably no server affinity for a user and/or organization to aspecific application server 1000. In some embodiments, therefore, aninterface system implementing a load balancing function (e.g., an F5Big-IP load balancer) is communicably coupled between the applicationservers 1000 and the user systems 912 to distribute requests to theapplication servers 1000. In some embodiments, the load balancer uses aleast connections algorithm to route user requests to the applicationservers 1000. Other examples of load balancing algorithms, such as roundrobin and observed response time, also can be used. For example, incertain embodiments, three consecutive requests from the same user couldhit three different application servers 1000, and three requests fromdifferent users could hit the same application server 1000. In thismanner, system 916 is multi-tenant, wherein system 916 handles storageof, and access to, different objects, data and applications acrossdisparate users and organizations.

As an example of storage, one tenant might be a company that employs asales force where each call center agent uses system 916 to manage theirsales process. Thus, a user might maintain contact data, leads data,customer follow-up data, performance data, goals and progress data,etc., all applicable to that user's personal sales process (e.g., intenant data storage 922). In an example of a MTS arrangement, since allof the data and the applications to access, view, modify, report,transmit, calculate, etc., can be maintained and accessed by a usersystem having nothing more than network access, the user can manage hisor her sales efforts and cycles from any of many different user systems.For example, if a call center agent is visiting a customer and thecustomer has Internet access in their lobby, the call center agent canobtain critical updates as to that customer while waiting for thecustomer to arrive in the lobby.

While each user's data might be separate from other users' dataregardless of the employers of each user, some data might beorganization-wide data shared or accessible by a plurality of users orall of the users for a given organization that is a tenant. Thus, theremight be some data structures managed by system 916 that are allocatedat the tenant level while other data structures might be managed at theuser level. Because an MTS might support multiple tenants includingpossible competitors, the MTS should have security protocols that keepdata, applications, and application use separate. Also, because manytenants may opt for access to an MTS rather than maintain their ownsystem, redundancy, up-time, and backup are additional functions thatmay be implemented in the MTS. In addition to user-specific data andtenant specific data, system 916 might also maintain system level datausable by multiple tenants or other data. Such system level data mightinclude industry reports, news, postings, and the like that are sharableamong tenants.

In certain embodiments, user systems 912 (which may be clientmachines/systems) communicate with application servers 1000 to requestand update system-level and tenant-level data from system 916 that mayrequire sending one or more queries to tenant data storage 922 and/orsystem data storage 924. System 916 (e.g., an application server 1000 insystem 916) automatically generates one or more SQL statements (e.g.,SQL queries) that are designed to access the desired information. Systemdata storage 924 may generate query plans to access the requested datafrom the database.

Each database can generally be viewed as a collection of objects, suchas a set of logical tables, containing data fitted into predefinedcategories. A “table” is one representation of a data object, and may beused herein to simplify the conceptual description of objects and customobjects according to some embodiments. It should be understood that“table” and “object” may be used interchangeably herein. Each tablegenerally contains one or more data categories logically arranged ascolumns or fields in a viewable schema. Each row or record of a tablecontains an instance of data for each category defined by the fields.For example, a CRM database may include a table that describes acustomer with fields for basic contact information such as name,address, phone number, fax number, etc. Another table might describe apurchase order, including fields for information such as customer,product, sale price, date, etc. In some multi-tenant database systems,standard entity tables might be provided for use by all tenants. For CRMdatabase applications, such standard entities might include tables foraccount, contact, lead, and opportunity data, each containingpre-defined fields. It should be understood that the word “entity” mayalso be used interchangeably herein with “object” and “table”.

In some multi-tenant database systems, tenants may be allowed to createand store custom objects, or they may be allowed to customize standardentities or objects, for example by creating custom fields for standardobjects, including custom index fields. U.S. Pat. No. 7,779,039, titledCUSTOM ENTITIES AND FIELDS IN A MULTI-TENANT DATABASE SYSTEM, byWeissman, et al., and which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety and for all purposes, teaches systems and methods for creatingcustom objects as well as customizing standard objects in a multi-tenantdatabase system. In some embodiments, for example, all custom entitydata rows are stored in a single multi-tenant physical table, which maycontain multiple logical tables per organization. In some embodiments,multiple “tables” for a single customer may actually be stored in onelarge table and/or in the same table as the data of other customers.

These and other aspects of the disclosure may be implemented by varioustypes of hardware, software, firmware, etc. For example, some featuresof the disclosure may be implemented, at least in part, bymachine-readable media that include program instructions, stateinformation, etc., for performing various operations described herein.Examples of program instructions include both machine code, such asproduced by a compiler, and files containing higher-level code that maybe executed by the computer using an interpreter. Examples ofmachine-readable media include, but are not limited to, magnetic mediasuch as hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tape; optical media suchas CD-ROM disks; magneto-optical media; and hardware devices that arespecially configured to store and perform program instructions, such asread-only memory devices (“ROM”) and random access memory (“RAM”).

While one or more embodiments and techniques are described withreference to an implementation in which a service cloud console isimplemented in a system having an application server providing a frontend for an on-demand database service capable of supporting multipletenants, the one or more embodiments and techniques are not limited tomulti-tenant databases nor deployment on application servers.Embodiments may be practiced using other database architectures, i.e.,ORACLE®, DB2® by IBM and the like without departing from the scope ofthe embodiments claimed.

Any of the above embodiments may be used alone or together with oneanother in any combination. Although various embodiments may have beenmotivated by various deficiencies with the prior art, which may bediscussed or alluded to in one or more places in the specification, theembodiments do not necessarily address any of these deficiencies. Inother words, different embodiments may address different deficienciesthat may be discussed in the specification. Some embodiments may onlypartially address some deficiencies or just one deficiency that may bediscussed in the specification, and some embodiments may not address anyof these deficiencies.

While various embodiments have been described herein, it should beunderstood that they have been presented by way of example only, and notlimitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present applicationshould not be limited by any of the embodiments described herein, butshould be defined only in accordance with the following andlater-submitted claims and their equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for streaming information based onavailable bandwidth, the method comprising: increasing a packet sizeused for streaming information from a first packet size to a secondpacket size based on an identified increase in available bandwidth; andincreasing a number of simultaneous connections used for the streamingof information from a first number of simultaneous connections to asecond number of simultaneous connections based on the identifiedincrease in available bandwidth in response to a determination that thesecond packet size equals a maximum packet size for a protocol used forthe streaming of information.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein saidincreasing of the packet size from the first packet size to the secondpacket size is based on an increase amount of the identified increase inthe available bandwidth.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein saidincreasing of the number of simultaneous connections from the firstnumber of simultaneous connections to the second number of simultaneousconnections is based on an increase amount of the identified increase inthe available bandwidth.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein saidincreasing of the packet size and said increasing the number ofsimultaneous connections are associated with the streaming ofinformation between a server and a first computing system.
 5. The methodof claim 4, further comprising increasing one or more of a packet sizeand a number of simultaneous connections associated with streaming ofinformation between the server and a second computing system based on anidentified increase in available bandwidth associated with the secondcomputing system.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising increasea transmission rate for the transmission of information based on theidentified increase in the available bandwidth.
 7. An apparatus forstreaming information based on available bandwidth, the apparatuscomprising: a processor; and one or more stored sequences ofinstructions which, when executed by the processor, cause the processorto: increase a packet size used for streaming information from a firstpacket size to a second packet size based on an identified increase inavailable bandwidth; and increase a number of simultaneous connectionsused for the streaming of information from a first number ofsimultaneous connections to a second number of simultaneous connectionsbased on the identified increase in available bandwidth in response to adetermination that the second packet size equals a maximum packet sizefor a protocol used for the streaming of information.
 8. The apparatusof claim 7, wherein the packet size is increased from the first packetsize to the second packet size based on an increase amount of theidentified increase in the available bandwidth.
 9. The apparatus ofclaim 7, wherein the number of simultaneous connections is increasedfrom the first number of simultaneous connections to the second numberof simultaneous connections based on an increase amount of theidentified increase in the available bandwidth.
 10. The apparatus ofclaim 7, wherein the packet size and the number of simultaneousconnections are associated with the streaming of information between aserver and a first computing system.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10,wherein the sequences of instructions, when executed by the processor,further cause the processor to increase one or more of a packet size anda number of simultaneous connections associated with streaming ofinformation between the server and a second computing system based on anidentified increase in available bandwidth associated with the secondcomputing system.
 12. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the sequences ofinstructions, when executed by the processor, further cause theprocessor to increase a transmission rate for the transmission ofinformation based on the identified increase in the available bandwidth.13. A computer program product comprising computer-readable program codeto be executed by one or more processors when retrieved from anon-transitory computer-readable medium, the program code includinginstructions to: determine whether there is a change in the availablebandwidth associated with transmission of information between a serverand a first computing system; maintain a current transmissionconfiguration for the transmission of information based on no change tothe available bandwidth; and adjust the current transmissionconfiguration for the transmission of information based on change to theavailable bandwidth, wherein the current transmission configuration isadjusted by adjusting at least a number of simultaneous connectionsbetween the server and the first computing system.
 14. The computerprogram product of claim 13, wherein the number of simultaneousconnections is increased from a first number of simultaneous connectionto a second number of simultaneous connection based on a determinationof an increase in the available bandwidth.
 15. The computer programproduct of claim 14, wherein the current transmission configuration isfurther adjusted by adjusting a packet size up to a protocol maximumpacket size.
 16. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein thecurrent transmission configuration is further adjusted by adjusting atransmission interval.
 17. The computer program product of claim 13,wherein the instructions, when executed by the processor, further causethe processor to adjust at least a number of simultaneous connectionsassociated with streaming of information between the server and a secondcomputing system based on an increase in available bandwidth associatedwith the second computing system.